Layer 2 vs Layer 1: execution, settlement and withdrawal paths
Understand Layer 2 vs Layer 1, rollups vs sidechains, sequencer confirmations and withdrawal routes. Check what Ethereum secures before choosing a network.
Crypto explainers.
12 plain-English articles on wallets, networks and tokens. See how it works, and where the explanation stops.
12 explainers
Pending Ethereum transaction: diagnose before sending again
Check a pending Ethereum transaction by network, hash and nonce. Separate pending, dropped, replaced and failed before using a wallet's replacement controls.
Wallet connection, signature and token approval: three different permissions
Read a MetaMask signature request by its permissions. Compare wallet connection, sign-in, token approvals, Permit2 and account delegation before signing.
How to read a blockchain transaction: what a hash does and does not prove
Read an Ethereum transaction hash, status, recipient, token transfers and fee. Learn what Success proves, and why it does not guarantee an exchange deposit.